All about caffeine you need to know are here

All you need to know about caffeine

Caffeine is a white, bitter crystalline alkaloid derived from coffee or tea. It belongs to a class of compounds called xanthones, its chemical formula being 1,3,7-trimethylxanthine. Caffeine is classified together with cocaine and amphetamines as an analeptic, or central nervous system stimulant. Coffee is the most abundant source of caffeine, although caffeine is also found in tea, cocoa, and cola beverages as well as in over-the-counter and prescription medications for pain relief.Caffeine-related disorders are often unrecognized for a number of reasons:
Caffeine has some legitimate medical uses in athletic training and in the relief of tension-type headaches. .
Caffeine is less likely to produce the same degree of physical or psychological dependence as other drugs of abuse. Few coffee or tea drinkers report loss of control over caffeine intake, or significant difficulty in reducing or stopping consumption of beverages and food items containing caffeine.
The symptoms of caffeine intoxication are easy to confuse with those of an anxiety disorder.

Pharmacological aspects of caffeine

An outline of the effects of caffeine on the central nervous system (CNS) and other organ systems of the body may be helpful in understanding its potential for physical dependence. When a person drinks a beverage containing caffeine (or eats coffee-flavored ice cream), the caffeine is absorbed from the digestive tract without being broken down. It is rapidly distributed throughout the tissues of the body by means of the bloodstream. If a pregnant woman drinks a cup of coffee or tea, the caffeine in the drink will cross the placental barrier and enter the baby's bloodstream.
When the caffeine reaches the brain , it increases the secretion of norepinephrine, a neurotransmitter that is associated with the so-called fight or flight stress response. The rise in norepinephrine levels and the increased activity of the neurons, or nerve cells, in many other areas of the brain helps to explain why the symptoms of caffeine intoxication resemble the symptoms of a panic attack .
The caffeine content of various food items and medications is as follows:

Brewed coffee, 8-oz cup: 135–150 mg
Instant coffee, 8-oz cup: 95 mg
Powdered cappuccino beverage, 8-oz cup: 45–60 mg
Tea brewed from leaves or bag, 8-oz cup: 50 mg
Iced tea from mix, 8-oz glass: 25–45 mg
Snapple iced tea, 8-oz glass: 21 mg
Mountain Dew, 8-oz glass: 38 mg
Caffeine can produce a range of physical symptoms following ingestion of as little as 100 mg, although amounts of 250 mg or higher are usually needed to produce symptoms that meet the criteria of caffeine intoxication.

The symptoms of caffeine intoxication include:

restlessness
nervousness
excitement
insomnia
flushed face
diuresis
gastrointestinal disturbance
muscle twitching
talking or thinking in a rambling manner
tachycardia
periods of inexhaustibility
psychomotor agitation
People have reported ringing in the ears or seeing flashes of light at doses of caffeine above 250 mg. Profuse sweating and diarrhea have also been reported. Doses of caffeine higher than 10 g may produce respiratory failure, seizures , and eventually death.
Side effects and complications
High short-term consumption of caffeine can produce or worsen gastrointestinal problems, occasionally leading to peptic ulcers or hematemesis
Drug interactions
Caffeine is often combined with aspirin or acetaminophen in over-the-counter and prescription analgesics (pain relievers). It can also be combined with ibuprofen. On the other hand, certain groups of drugs should not be combined with caffeine or taken with beverages containing caffeine. Oral contraceptives, cimetidine (Tagamet), mexiletine (Mexitil), and disulfiram (Antabuse) interfere with the breakdown of caffeine in the body. Caffeine interferes with the body's absorption of iron, and with drugs that regulate heart rhythm, including quinidine and propranolol (Inderal). Caffeine may produce serious side effects when taken together with monoamine oxidase inhibitors or with certain decongestant medications.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of a caffeine-related disorder is usually based on the patient's recent history, a physical  examination, or laboratory analysis of body fluids. In addition to medical evidence, the examiner will rule out other mental disorders, particularly manic episodes, generalized anxiety disorder , panic disorder , amphetamine intoxication, or withdrawal from sedatives, tranquilizers, sleep medications, or nicotine. All of these disorders or syndromes may produce symptoms resembling those of caffeine intoxication. In most cases, the temporal relationship of the symptoms to high levels of caffeine intake establishes the diagnosis.
Treatments
Treatment of caffeine-related disorders involves lowering consumption levels or abstaining from beverages containing caffeine. Some people experience mild withdrawal symptoms that include headaches, irritability, and occasionally nausea, but these usually resolve quickly.
Prognosis
With the exception of acute episodes of caffeinism, people recover from caffeine intoxication without great difficulty.
Prevention
Prevention of caffeine-related disorders requires awareness of the caffeine content of caffeinated beverages, OTC drugs, and other sources of caffeine; monitoring one's daily intake; and substituting decaffeinated coffee, tea, or soft drinks for the caffeinated versions of these beverages.

Vaccines for salmonella typhi precautions usage and effect

• Typhoid fever is caused by Salmonella typhi, an enteric gram-negative rod.
• The disease is common in developing countries with poor sanitation.
• Typhoid presents with fever, GI symptoms and leukopenia. It can be fatal if left untreated.

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• Injectable: Polysaccharide vaccine
• Oral: Live attenuated bacterial vaccine

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• Exact figures from large studie
• s are lacking, however, reported efficacy from various studies is in the range of 50-75%.
• It is important for travelers to recognize that getting vaccinated is not a substitute for being careful about edibles and beverages because the vaccine is not 100% effective.

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Routine Vaccination:
Typhoid vaccination is usually not done in developed countries like US where Typhoid is relatively rare.
While Typhoid endemic countries especially in Asia will likely benefit from routine immunization against Typhoid, not many countries have included the vaccine in their routine immunization programs.

At Risk Groups:
Vaccination is recommended for the following groups of people who are likely to be exposed to S. typhi.

• Travelers to typhoid endemic areas. Ty21a vaccine should be administered at least 1 weak before expected exposure. Vi capsular vaccine should be administered at least 2 weeks before expected exposure.
• Close contacts of a documented typhoid carrier.
• Lab workers who may be exposed to S. typhi cultures or other possibly contaminated material.

Schedule:

• Vi capsular: single dose is required given IM. A booster dose is recommended every two years if the person continues to remain at risk. The vaccine is not for use in children younger than 2 years.
• Ty21a vaccine: 4 doses taken orally on alternate days (day 0, 2, 4, and 6). The whole course of 4 doses is to be repeated every 5years if the person continues to remain at risk. Not to be used in children younger than 6 years.

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Contraindications:

• Both vaccines are contraindicated in patients who’ve severe allergic reaction to a previous dose of the vaccine, or who are allergic to any component of the vaccine.
• None of the vaccines is recommended for use in children younger than 2 years.
• Ty21a vaccine should be avoided in pregnancy and immunocompromised individuals as it is a live-attenuated vaccine. Vi capsular vaccine may be used in pregnant women only if clearly indicated.

Precautions:

• Antimicrobial drugs may interfere with the activity of Ty21a vaccine. Therefore it should not be given until at least 3 days after the last antibiotic dose.
• Vaccination preferably should be delayed in a person with acute febrile illness or acute gastroenteritis.

Rubella vaccines uses and treatment

Rubella or German Measles is caused by Rubella virus, an RNA virus of the Togaviridae family.It most commonly affects young children. If contracted during pregnancy, Rubella can cause serious birth defects in the newborn.

Rubella Vaccine

Rubella vaccine is used in combination with Measles and Mumps vaccines as MMR. Another vaccine available is MMRV (Measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella).See Measles vaccine for information regarding MMR and MMRV.

Usage

Pregnant women: All women of child-bearing age need protection against Rubella, because it can cause serious fetal congenital anomalies including cardiac defects.

See Measles vaccine for use of MMR/MMRV vaccine during pregnancy and other uses.

Precautions

See Measles Vaccine.

Our national hero then and know a short story about gen raheel shareef

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Adjustment disoders treatment causes and information

DEFINITION

Work problems, going away to school, an illness — any number of life changes can cause stress. Most of the time, people adjust to such changes within a few months. But if you continue to feel down or self-destructive, you may have an adjustment disorder.

An adjustment disorder is a type of stress-related mental illness. You may feel anxious or depressed, or even have thoughts of suicide. Your normal daily routines may feel overwhelming. Or you may make reckless decisions. In essence, you have a hard time adjusting to change in your life, and it has serious consequences.

You don't have to tough it out on your own, though. Adjustment disorder treatment — usually brief — is likely to help you regain your emotional footing.

SYMPTOMS

Adjustment disorders symptoms vary from person to person. The symptoms you have may be different from those of someone else with an adjustment disorder. But for everyone, symptoms of an adjustment disorder begin within three months of a stressful event in your life.

Emotional symptoms of adjustment disorders

Signs and symptoms of adjustment disorder may affect how you feel and think about yourself or life, including:

SadnessHopelessnessLack of enjoymentCrying spellsNervousnessJitterinessAnxiety, which may include separation anxietyWorryDesperationTrouble sleepingDifficulty concentratingFeeling overwhelmedThoughts of suicide

Behavioral symptoms of adjustment disorders

Signs and symptoms of adjustment disorder may affect your actions or behavior, such as:

FightingReckless drivingIgnoring billsAvoiding family or friendsPerforming poorly in school or at workSkipping schoolVandalizing property

Length of symptoms

How long you have symptoms of an adjustment disorder also can vary:

6 months or less (acute). In these cases, symptoms should ease once the stressor is removed. Brief professional treatment may help symptoms disappear.More than 6 months (chronic). In these cases, symptoms continue to bother you and disrupt your life. Professional treatment may help symptoms improve and prevent the condition from continuing to get worse.

Stressful events

One or more stressful life events may put you at risk of developing an adjustment disorder. It may involve almost any type of stressful event in your life. Both positive and negative events can cause extreme stress. Some common examples include:

Being diagnosed with a serious illnessProblems in schoolDivorce or relationship breakupJob lossHaving a babyFinancial problemsPhysical assaultSurviving a disasterRetirementDeath of a loved oneGoing away to school

In some cases, people who face an ongoing stressful situation — such as living in a crime-ridden neighborhood — can reach a breaking point and develop an adjustment disorder.

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TESTS AND DIAGNOSIS

Adjustment disorders are diagnosed based on signs and symptoms and a thorough psychological evaluation. To be diagnosed with adjustment disorder, you must meet criteria in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). This manual, published by the American Psychiatric Association, is used by mental health professionals to diagnose mental conditions and by insurance companies to reimburse for treatment.

For an adjustment disorder to be diagnosed, several criteria must be met, including:

Having emotional or behavioral symptoms within three months of a specific stressor occurring in your lifeExperiencing more stress than would normally be expected in response to the stressor, or having stress that causes significant problems in your relationships, at work or at school — or having both of these criteriaAn improvement of symptoms within six months after the stressful event endsThe symptoms are not the result of another diagnosis

Types of adjustment disorders

Your doctor may ask detailed questions about how you feel and how you spend your time. This will help pinpoint which type of adjustment disorder you have. There are six main types. Although they're all related, each type has certain signs and symptoms:

Adjustment disorder with depressed mood. Symptoms mainly include feeling sad, tearful and hopeless, and experiencing a lack of pleasure in the things you used to enjoy.Adjustment disorder with anxiety. Symptoms mainly include nervousness, worry, difficulty concentrating or remembering things, and feeling overwhelmed. Children who have adjustment disorder with anxiety may strongly fear being separated from their parents and loved ones.Adjustment disorder with mixed anxiety and depressed mood. Symptoms include a mix of depression and anxiety.Adjustment disorder with disturbance of conduct. Symptoms mainly involve behavioral problems, such as fighting or reckless driving. Youths may skip school or vandalize property.Adjustment disorder with mixed disturbance of emotions and conduct. Symptoms include a mix of depression and anxiety as well as behavioral problems.Adjustment disorder unspecified. Symptoms don't fit the other types of adjustment disorders, but often include physical problems, problems with family or friends, or work or school problems.

TREATMENTS AND DRUGS

Most people find treatment of adjustment disorder helpful, and they often need only brief treatment. Others may benefit from longer treatment. There are two main types of treatment for adjustment disorder — psychotherapy and medications.

Psychotherapy

The main treatment for adjustment disorders is psychotherapy, also called counseling or talk therapy. You may attend individual therapy, group therapy or family therapy. Therapy can provide emotional support and help you get back to your normal routine. It can also help you learn why the stressful event affected you so much. As you understand more about this connection, you can learn healthy coping skills to help you deal with other stressful events that may arise.

Medications

In some cases, medications may help, too. Medications can help with such symptoms as depression, anxiety and suicidal thoughts. Antidepressants and anti-anxiety medications are the medications most often used to treat adjustment disorders. As with therapy, you may need medications only for a few months, but don't stop taking any medication without talking with your doctor first. If stopped suddenly, some medications, such as certain antidepressants, may cause withdrawal symptoms.

Scabies symptom casuse diagnoses and treatment by drugs

DEFINITION of scabies

Scabies is an itchy skin condition caused by a tiny burrowing mite called Sarcoptes scabiei. The presence of the mite leads to intense itching in the area of its burrows. The urge to scratch may be especially strong at night.

Scabies is contagious and can spread quickly through close physical contact in a family, child care group, school class or nursing home. Because of the contagious nature of scabies, doctors often recommend treatment for entire families or contact groups to eliminate the mite.

Take heart in that scabies is readily treated. Medications applied to your skin kill the mites that cause scabies and their eggs, although you may still experience some itching for several weeks.

SYMPTOMS

Scabies signs and symptoms include:

Itching, often severe and usually worse at nightThin, irregular burrow tracks made up of tiny blisters or bumps on your skin

The burrows or tracks typically appear in folds of your skin. Though almost any part of your body may be involved, in adults scabies is most often found:

Between fingersIn armpitsAround your waistAlong the insides of wristsOn your inner elbowOn the soles of your feetAround breastsAround the male genital areaOn buttocksOn kneesOn shoulder blades

In children, common sites of infestation include the:

ScalpFaceNeckPalms of the handsSoles of the feet

When to see a doctor

Talk to your doctor if you have signs and symptoms that may indicate scabies.

Many skin conditions, such as dermatitis or eczema, are associated with itching and small bumps on the skin. Your doctor can help determine the exact cause and ensure you receive proper treatment. Bathing and over-the-counter preparations won't eliminate scabies.

CAUSES

The eight-legged mite that causes scabies in humans is microscopic. The female mite burrows just beneath your skin and produces a tunnel in which it deposits eggs. The eggs hatch in three to four days, and the mite larvae work their way to the surface of your skin, where they mature and can spread to other areas of your skin or to the skin of other people. The itching of scabies results from your body's allergic reaction to the mites, their eggs and their waste.

Close physical contact and, less often, sharing clothing or bedding with an infected person can spread the mites.

Dogs, cats and humans all are affected by their own distinct species of mite. Each species of mite prefers one specific type of host and doesn't live long away from that preferred host. So humans may have a temporary skin reaction from contact with the animal scabies mite. But people are unlikely to develop full-blown scabies from this source, as they might from contact with the human scabies mite.

COMPLICATIONS

Vigorous scratching can break your skin and allow a secondary bacterial infection, such as impetigo, to occur. Impetigo is a superficial infection of the skin that's caused most often by staph (staphylococci) bacteria or occasionally by strep (streptococci) bacteria.

A more severe form of scabies, called crusted scabies, may affect certain high-risk groups, including:

People with chronic health conditions that weaken the immune system, such as HIV or chronic leukemiaPeople who are very ill, such as people in hospitals or nursing facilitiesOlder people in nursing homes

Crusted scabies tends to be crusty and scaly, and cover large areas of the body. It's very contagious and can be hard to treat.

PREPARING FOR YOUR APPOINTMENT

Make an appointment with your family doctor or pediatrician if you or your child has signs and symptoms common to scabies.

Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment, and know what to expect from your doctor.

Information to gather in advance

List any signs or symptoms you or your child has had, and for how long.List any possible sources of infection, such as other family members who have had a visible or itchy rash.Write down key medical information, including any other health problems and the names of any medications you or your child is taking.Write down questions you want to be sure to ask your doctor.

Below are some basic questions to ask your doctor about scabies.

What is the most likely cause of these signs and symptoms?Are there any other possible causes?What treatment approach do you recommend?How soon do you expect symptoms to improve with treatment?When will you see me or my child to determine whether the treatment you've recommended is working?Are there any home remedies or self-care steps that could help relieve symptoms?Am I or my child contagious? For how long?What steps should be taken to reduce the risk of infecting others?

What to expect from your doctor

Your doctor is likely to ask you a number of questions. Being ready to answer them may reserve time to go over any points you want to talk about in-depth. Your doctor may ask:

What signs and symptoms have you noticed?When did you first notice these signs and symptoms?Have these signs and symptoms gotten worse over time?If you or your child has a visible rash, what parts of the body are affected?Has anyone else with whom you have frequent, close contact had a rash, an itch or both within the last several weeks?Are you currently pregnant or nursing?Are you or your child currently being treated or have you recently been treated for any other medical conditions?What medications are you or your child currently taking, including prescription and over-the-counter drugs, vitamins and supplements?Is your child in child care?

What you can do in the meantime

In the time leading up to your appointment, try at-home and over-the-counter (OTC) remedies to help reduce itching. Cool water, antihistamines and calamine lotion may provide some relief. Ask your doctor what OTC medications and lotions are safe for your baby or child.

TESTS AND DIAGNOSIS

To diagnose scabies, your doctor examines your skin, looking for signs of mites, including the characteristic burrows. When your doctor locates a mite burrow, he or she may take a scraping from that area of your skin to examine under a microscope. The microscopic examination can determine the presence of mites or their eggs.

TREATMENTS AND DRUGS

Scabies treatment involves eliminating the infestation with medications. Several creams and lotions are available. You usually apply the medication over all your body, from your neck down, and leave the medication on for at least eight hours. A second treatment is needed if new burrows and rash appear.

Because scabies spreads so easily, your doctor may recommend treatment for all family members and other close contacts, even if they show no signs of scabies infestation.

Medications commonly prescribed for scabies include:

Permethrin 5 percent (Elimite). Your doctor may recommend that you apply this cream — which contains chemicals that kill scabies mites and their eggs — twice, with a week or so between each application. Permethrin is generally considered safe for children and adults of all ages, including women who are pregnant or nursing.Lindane. This medication — also a chemical treatment — is available as a cream, lotion and shampoo. This medication isn't safe for children younger than age 2 years, women who are pregnant or nursing, or people with weakened immune systems.Crotamiton (Eurax). This nonchemical medication is applied once a day for two to five days. Your doctor may recommend it if your baby has scabies.

Although these medications kill the mites promptly, you may find that the itching doesn't stop entirely for several weeks.

Doctors sometimes prescribe the oral medication ivermectin (Stromectol) for people with altered immune systems, for people who have crusted scabies, or for people who don't respond to the prescription lotions and creams.

LIFESTYLE AND HOME REMEDIES

To prevent re-infestation and to prevent the mites from spreading to other people, take these steps:

Clean all clothes and linen. Use hot, soapy water to wash all clothing, towels and bedding you used at least three days before treatment. Dry with high heat. Dry-clean items you can't wash at home.Starve the mites. Consider placing items you can't wash in a sealed plastic bag and leaving it in an out-of-the-way place, such as in your garage, for a couple of weeks. Mites die if they don't eat for a week. caused by a tiny burrowing mite called Sarcoptes scabiei. The presence of the mite leads to intense itching in the area of its burrows. The urge to scratch may be especially strong at night.

Scabies is contagious and can spread quickly through close physical contact in a family, child care group, school class or nursing home. Because of the contagious nature of scabies, doctors often recommend treatment for entire families or contact groups to eliminate the mite.

Take heart in that scabies is readily treated. Medications applied to your skin kill the mites that cause scabies and their eggs, although you may still experience some itching for several weeks.

SYMPTOMS

Scabies signs and symptoms include:

Itching, often severe and usually worse at nightThin, irregular burrow tracks made up of tiny blisters or bumps on your skin

The burrows or tracks typically appear in folds of your skin. Though almost any part of your body may be involved, in adults scabies is most often found:

Between fingersIn armpitsAround your waistAlong the insides of wristsOn your inner elbowOn the soles of your feetAround breastsAround the male genital areaOn buttocksOn kneesOn shoulder blades

In children, common sites of infestation include the:

ScalpFaceNeckPalms of the handsSoles of the feet

When to see a doctor

Talk to your doctor if you have signs and symptoms that may indicate scabies.

Many skin conditions, such as dermatitis or eczema, are associated with itching and small bumps on the skin. Your doctor can help determine the exact cause and ensure you receive proper treatment. Bathing and over-the-counter preparations won't eliminate scabies.

CAUSES

The eight-legged mite that causes scabies in humans is microscopic. The female mite burrows just beneath your skin and produces a tunnel in which it deposits eggs. The eggs hatch in three to four days, and the mite larvae work their way to the surface of your skin, where they mature and can spread to other areas of your skin or to the skin of other people. The itching of scabies results from your body's allergic reaction to the mites, their eggs and their waste.

Close physical contact and, less often, sharing clothing or bedding with an infected person can spread the mites.

Dogs, cats and humans all are affected by their own distinct species of mite. Each species of mite prefers one specific type of host and doesn't live long away from that preferred host. So humans may have a temporary skin reaction from contact with the animal scabies mite. But people are unlikely to develop full-blown scabies from this source, as they might from contact with the

TESTS AND DIAGNOSIS

To diagnose scabies, your doctor examines your skin, looking for signs of mites, including the characteristic burrows. When your doctor locates a mite burrow, he or she may take a scraping from that area of your skin to examine under a microscope. The microscopic examination can determine the presence of mites or their eggs.

TREATMENTS AND DRUGS

Scabies treatment involves eliminating the infestation with medications. Several creams and lotions are available. You usually apply the medication over all your body, from your neck down, and leave the medication on for at least eight hours. A second treatment is needed if new burrows and rash appear.

Because scabies spreads so easily, your doctor may recommend treatment for all family members and other close contacts, even if they show no signs of scabies infestation.

Medications commonly prescribed for scabies include:

Permethrin 5 percent (Elimite). Your doctor may recommend that you apply this cream — which contains chemicals that kill scabies mites and their eggs — twice, with a week or so between each application. Permethrin is generally considered safe for children and adults of all ages, including women who are pregnant or nursing.Lindane. This medication — also a chemical treatment — is available as a cream, lotion and shampoo. This medication isn't safe for children younger than age 2 years, women who are pregnant or nursing, or people with weakened immune systems.Crotamiton (Eurax). This nonchemical medication is applied once a day for two to five days. Your doctor may recommend it if your baby has scabies.

Although these medications kill the mites promptly, you may find that the itching doesn't stop entirely for several weeks.

Doctors sometimes prescribe the oral medication ivermectin (Stromectol) for people with altered immune systems, for people who have crusted scabies, or for people who don't respond to the prescription lotions and creams.

Alcoholic hepatitis Symptoms Causes Diagnosis And Treatment and ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE

DEFINITION

Alcoholic hepatitis describes liver inflammation caused by        
drinking alcohol.
Though alcoholic hepatitis is most likely to occur in people who
drink heavily over many years, the relationship between drinking
and alcoholic hepatitis is complex. Not all heavy drinkers develop
alcoholic hepatitis, and the disease can occur in people who drink
only moderately.

SYMPTOMS

Yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes (jaundice) and
increasing girth (due to fluid accumulation) are the most common
signs of alcoholic hepatitis that lead people to seek medical care.
People may also complain of:
Loss of appetite Nausea and vomiting Abdominal pain and
tenderness Weight loss

CAUSES

Alcoholic hepatitis occurs when the liver is damaged by the
alcohol you drink. Just how alcohol damages the liver -— and
why it does so only in a minority of heavy drinkers — isn't clear.
What is known is that the process of breaking down ethanol —
the alcohol in beer, wine and liquor — produces highly toxic
chemicals, such as acetaldehyde. These chemicals trigger
inflammation that destroys liver cells. Over time, web-like scars
and small knots of tissue replace healthy liver tissue, interfering
with the liver's ability to function. This irreversible scarring,
called cirrhosis, is the final stage of alcoholic liver disease.
Risk increases with time, amount consumed
Heavy alcohol use can lead to liver disease, and the risk
increases with the length of time and amount of alcohol you drink.
But because many people who drink heavily or binge drink never
develop alcoholic hepatitis or cirrhosis, it's likely that factors other
than alcohol play a role. These include:
Other types of hepatitis. Long-term alcohol abuse worsens the
liver damage caused by other types of hepatitis,
especially hepatitis C. If you have hepatitis C and also drink —
even moderately — you're more likely to develop cirrhosis than if
you don't drink.Malnutrition. Many people who drink heavily are
malnourished, either because they eat poorly or because alcohol
and its toxic byproducts prevent the body from properly absorbing
and breaking down nutrients, especially protein, certain vitamins
and fats. In both cases, the lack of nutrients contributes to liver
cell damage.Obesity.Genetic factors. Having mutations in certain
genes that affect alcohol metabolism may increase your risk of
alcoholic liver disease as well as of alcohol-associated cancers
and other complications of heavy drinking. The exact genetic
associations have not yet been identified.

TESTS AND DIAGNOSIS

Identifying alcoholic liver disease depends on two main things:
Evidence of excessive alcohol consumptionEvidence of liver
disease
Alcohol consumption
Your doctor will want to know about your history of alcohol
consumption. It is important to be honest in describing your
drinking habits. Your doctor may ask to interview family members
about your drinking. Many people will have signs of chronic
alcoholism, such as skin lesions known as spider nevi.
Liver disease
Your doctor will likely order the following tests to look for liver
disease:
Liver function tests (including international normalized ratio, total
bilirubin, and albumin)Complete blood cell countAn ultrasound,
CT or MRI scan of the liverBlood tests to exclude other causes
of liver disease

TREATMENTS AND DRUGS

Stop drinking alcohol
If you've been diagnosed with alcoholic hepatitis, you must stop
drinking alcohol. It's the only way of possibly reversing liver
damage or, in more advanced cases, preventing the disease
from becoming worse. Many people who stop drinking have
dramatic improvement in symptoms in just a few months.
If you continue to drink alcohol, you're likely to experience serious
complications.
If you are dependent on alcohol and want to stop drinking, your
doctor can recommend a therapy that's tailored for your needs.
This might include medications, counseling, Alcoholics
Anonymous, an outpatient treatment program or a residential
inpatient stay.
Treatment for malnutrition
Your doctor may recommend a special diet to reverse nutritional
deficiencies that often occur in people with alcoholic hepatitis.
You may be referred to a dietitian who can help you assess your
current diet and suggest changes to increase the vitamins and
nutrients you are lacking.
If you have trouble eating enough to get the vitamins and
nutrients your body needs, your doctor may recommend tube
feeding. This may involve passing a tube down your throat and
into your stomach. A special nutrient-rich liquid diet is then
passed through the tube.
Medications to reduce liver inflammation
Your doctor may recommend corticosteroids drugs if you have
severe alcoholic hepatitis. These drugs have shown some shortterm
benefit in increasing survival. Steroids have significant side
effects and are not recommended if you have failing
kidneys, gastrointestinal bleeding or an infection. About 40
percent of people do not respond to corticosteroids. Your doctor
may also recommend pentoxifylline, especially if corticosteroids
don't work for you. Some studies of pentoxifylline have shown
some benefit, others have not. You might also ask about clinical
trials of other therapies.
Liver transplant
For many people with severe alcoholic hepatitis, liver transplant
is the only hope to avoid death. Survival rates for liver transplant
for alcoholic hepatitis are similar to those for other forms of
hepatitis, greater than 70 percent five-year survival.
However, most medical centers are reluctant to perform liver
transplants on people with alcoholic liver disease because of the
fear they will resume drinking after surgery. For most people with
alcoholic hepatitis, the disease is considered a contraindication
for liver transplantation in most transplant centers in the U.S.
For transplant to be an option, you would need to find a program
that will consider you.

ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE

No alternative medicine treatments have been found to cure
alcoholic hepatitis. Some herbs and supplements are touted as
treatments for liver diseases. Herbs and supplements can't
replace your doctor's treatments or abstaining from alcohol. If
you'd like to try supplements, talk to your doctor about the risks
and benefits first.
Milk thistle
The leaves and seeds of the milk thistle plant are thought to
control inflammation in the liver. Milk thistle supplements are a
popular alternative treatment among people with liver disease.
But studies haven't found a benefit for people with alcoholic liver
disease who take milk thistle supplements.
Milk thistle is generally safe, but can cause diarrhea and nausea.
Talk to your doctor about milk thistle if you're considering taking
this supplement. Because milk thistle can interfere with
prescription medications, ask your doctor whether it's safe for you
SAMe
SAMe is a supplement that's thought to reduce liver inflammation
and help the liver repair itself. Your body naturally makes SAMe.
Some evidence suggests people with liver disease have a
deficiency of SAMe. In theory, taking a SAMe supplement might
restore levels of the substance in the liver. But there is insufficient
evidence to recommend use of SAMe for alcohol-related liver
disease.
SAMe is generally safe when taken as a supplement. Side effects
may include gas, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. Because SAMe
can interfere with prescription medications, ask your doctor about  
whether SAMe is safe for you to take.

health benefits of green tea for human by medicaworld

definition of green tea 

Green tea is a type of tea that is made from Camellia sinensis leaves that have not undergone the same withering and oxidation process used to make oolong and black tea. Green tea originated in
China, but its production has spread to many countries in Asia.

 Health effects

       

Cancer
Cardiovascular disease
Glycemic control
Hyperlipidemia
Inflammation
Mortality risk
Weight loss
Toxicity 

health benefits of green tea
benefits for human body
1 fight with cancer cells
2 lower cholesterol level in blood
3 prevents cavities
4 protects against heart disease
5 speed up metabolism like  enzym
6 prevents diabetes
7 antiviral agents
8 prevent bad breath
9 detoxifies
10 prevents food poisoning
11 full of antioxidants
12 prevents dementia
13 use  for weight loss
note:There is no conclusive evidence that green tea aids in weight loss
14 strengthens tooth enamel
15 reduce plaques and bacteria in our mouth

for more information please comment your question thank you

health benefits of bananas apples oranges mango and watermelon by MW

health benefits of banana

1-. reduce depression
2-.regulate the blow system
3-.reduce blood pressure
4-.reduce heart disorders
5-.helpful in bone growth and strongness
6-.reduce the risk of anemia
7-.power our brains
8-.provied us quike engrgy
9-.help to prevent ulcer

health benefits of apple  

                                                         1 bone protection
2 helpful in asthma
3 prevent lungs,breast,colon,liver,from diseases and some types of cancer
4 alzheimer's prevention
5 lower the cholesterol level
6 helpful in diabetes management
7 weight loss

health benefits of mango

1 cancer prevention
2 improves vision
3 high in copper
4 improves sex power
5 alkalizes the body
6 improves digestion
7 lower cholesterol
8 improve memory level

health benefits of watermelon

1 fights cancer
2 highest alkalising fruit
3 reduce high blood pressure
4 reduce heart disease
5 reduce blood sugar level
6 high water content appx 92 %
7 boosts immune system
7 clean kidney
8 give power to bones
9 reduce stomach acidity

health benefits of oranges

1 helpful in heart health
2 digestive health
3 vitamins c helps to prevent ulcer
4 cholesterol lowering agent
5 kidney support
6 filter toxin from the blood
7 use as a anticancer agent
8 used for healthy skin
9 vision protection

for more please  in comment tell your problems thanks from medica world mw

TRIPLE X SYNDROME DEFINITION SYMPTOMS CAUSES DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENTS

DEFINITION

Triple X syndrome is an abnormality of the chromosomes that
affects about 1 in 1,000 females. Females normally have two X
chromosomes, one from each parent. In triple X syndrome, a
female has three X chromosomes — hence, the name.
Triple X syndrome usually results from an error in the formation
of a mother's egg cell or a father's sperm cell. Sometimes, triple
X syndrome occurs as a result of an error early in the embryo's
development.

SYMPTOMS

Triple X syndrome may not cause any signs or symptoms. If
symptoms do appear, they may include:
Tall stature Vertical skinfolds that may cover the inner corners of
the eyes (epicanthal folds)Delayed development of speech and
language skills Weak muscle tone (hypotonia)Curved pinky
fingers (clinodactyly)Behavior and mental health
problems Premature ovarian failure or ovary
abnormalities Constipation or abdominal pains

CAUSES

Most people have 46 chromosomes occurring in 22 pairs, plus
two sex chromosomes, one maternal and one paternal. These
chromosomes contain genes, which carry instructions that
determine everything from your height to your eye color.
One of these chromosome pairs determines your sex. You
receive one sex chromosome from your mother and another from
your father. Your mother can give you only an X chromosome,
but your father can pass on an X or a Y chromosome. If you
receive an X chromosome from your father, the XX pair makes
you genetically a female. If you receive a Y chromosome from
your father, then your XY pair means you're genetically a male.
Females with triple X syndrome have a third X chromosome.
Although this condition is genetic, it's typically not inherited.
Instead, what usually happens is that either the mother's egg cell
or the father's sperm cell has not formed correctly, resulting in an
extra X chromosome. This random error in egg or sperm cell
division is called nondisjunction.
When the cause is a malformed egg cell or sperm cell, as is
usually the case, all the cells in the offspring's body have the
extra chromosome. Occasionally, the extra chromosome doesn't
appear until early in the development of the embryo. If this is the
case, then the female is said to have a mosaic form of triple X
syndrome.
In the mosaic form, only some of the body's cells have the third X
chromosome. Because only some cells contain the extra X
chromosome, females with the mosaic form of triple X syndrome
may have less severe symptoms.
Triple X syndrome is also called trisomy X, triple X syndrome and
XXX syndrome. It's also referred to as 47,XXX syndrome
because of the existence of a 47th chromosome, which is the
extra X chromosome.

DIAGNOSIS

Because many girls with triple X syndrome are healthy and have
a normal appearance, they may remain undiagnosed all their
lives, or the diagnosis may be discovered while investigating for
other reasons.
Prenatal genetic testing, such as amniocentesis or chorionic
villus sampling, can provide a diagnosis of triple X syndrome
before birth.
After birth, triple X syndrome can be diagnosed by performing a
chromosome analysis on a blood sample taken from your
daughter.
Before genetic testing, it's important to receive genetic counseling
to provide you with all the information about triple X syndrome.

TREATMENTS AND DRUGS

If your daughter has triple X syndrome, treatment is based on her
symptoms, if any are present. For instance, if she has a learning
disability from the triple X, she would require the same
counseling as anyone else with that learning disability. This
counseling usually involves teaching new techniques and
strategies for learning, as well as providing motivation and help
with using these tips in daily life.
If your daughter has been diagnosed with triple X syndrome, her
doctor may recommend periodic screenings throughout
childhood. This would help ensure that any developmental delays
or learning disabilities that may occur receive prompt treatment.
Because girls with triple X syndrome may be more susceptible to
stress, it's important to make sure your daughter has a supportive
environment as well. Psychological counseling may help, both by
teaching you and your family useful methods of demonstrating
love and encouragement, and by discouraging behaviors that you
might not realize are negative.
The chromosome change that causes triple X syndrome cannot
be repaired, so the syndrome itself has no cure. However, given
the treatable nature of most symptoms and how frequently no
symptoms appear at all, it's quite possible to lead a full and
normal life with this syndrome.

Vitiligo CAUSES SYMPTOMS DIAGNOSIS TREATMENTS AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE

vitiligo

DEFINITION

Vitiligo  is a disease that causes the loss of skin color in blotches. The
extent and rate of color loss from vitiligo is unpredictable. It can affect the skin on
any part of body. It may also affect hair, the inside of the mouth and even the
eyes.
Normally, the color of hair, skin and eyes is determined by melanin. Vitiligo occurs
when the cells that produce melanin die or stop functioning.
Vitiligo affects people of all skin types, but it may be more noticeable in people with
darker skin. The condition is not life-threatening or contagious. It can be stressful or
make you feel bad about yourself. Treatment for vitiligo may improve the
appearance of the affected skin but does not cure the disease.

SYMPTOMS

The main sign of vitiligo is color (pigment) loss that produces light or white patches
on your skin. Usually, the discoloration first shows on sun-exposed areas, such as
the hands, feet, arms, face and lips.
Vitiligo signs include:
Skin discoloration Premature whitening or graying of the hair on your scalp,
eyelashes, eyebrows or beard (usually before age 35)Loss of color in the tissues
that line the inside of your mouth and nose (mucous membranes)Loss of or change
in color of the inner layer of the eyeball (retina)Discolored patches around the
armpits, navel, genitals and rectum
Vitiligo can start at any age, but most often appears before age 20.
Depending on the type of vitiligo you have, the discolored patches may cover:
Many parts of your body. With this most common type, called generalized vitiligo,
the discolored patches often progress similarly on corresponding body parts
(symmetrically).Only one side or part of your body. This type, called segmental
vitiligo, tends to occur at a younger age, progress for a year or two, then stop.One or
only a few areas of your body. This type is called localized (focal) vitiligo.
It's difficult to predict how your disease will progress. Sometimes the patches stop
forming without treatment. In most cases, pigment loss spreads and eventually
involves most of your skin. Rarely, the skin gets its color back.

CAUSES

Vitiligo occurs when melanin-forming cells (melanocytes) die or stop producing
melanin — the pigment that gives your skin, hair and eyes color. The involved
patches of skin become lighter or white. Doctors don't know why the cells fail or die.
It may be related to:
A disorder in which your immune system attacks and destroys the melanocytes in
the skin Family history (heredity)A trigger event, such as sunburn, stress or exposure
to industrial chemicals

COMPLICATIONS

People with vitiligo may be at increased risk of:
Social or psychological distress Sunburn and skin cancer Eye problems, such as
inflammation of the iris (iritis)Hearing loss Side effects due to treatment, such as dry
skin and itching

TESTS AND DIAGNOSIS

Medical history and exam
If your doctor suspects you have vitiligo, he or she will ask about your medical
history, examine you and try to rule out other medical problems, such
as dermatitis or psoriasis. He or she may use a special lamp to shine ultraviolet light
onto the skin to determine whether you have vitiligo.
Skin biopsy and blood draw
In addition to gathering your personal and family medical history and examining your
skin, your doctor may:
Take a small sample (biopsy) of the affected skin Draw blood for lab tests

TREATMENTS AND DRUGS

Many treatments are available to help restore skin color or even out skin tone.
Results vary and are unpredictable. Some treatments have serious side effects. So
your doctor may suggest that you first try improving the appearance of your skin by
applying self-tanning products or makeup.
If you and your doctor decide to treat your condition with a drug or other therapy, the
process may take many months to judge its effectiveness. And you may have to try
more than one approach before you find the treatment that works best for you.

Medications

No drug can stop the process of vitiligo — the loss of pigment cells (melanocytes).
But some drugs, used alone or with light therapy, can help improve your skin's
appearance.
Creams that control inflammation. A topical corticosteroid may help return color to
(repigment) your skin, particularly if you start using it early in the disease. You may
not see a change in your skin's color for several months.
This type of cream is effective and easy to use. But it can cause side effects, such
as skin thinning or the appearance of streaks or lines on your skin.
Milder forms of the drug may be prescribed for children and for people who have
large areas of discolored skin.
A form of vitamin D. Topical calcipotriene (Dovonex) is a cream that can be used
with corticosteroids or ultraviolet light. Possible side effects include dry skin, rash
and itching.Medications that affect the immune system. Ointments containing
tacrolimus or pimecrolimus (calcineurin inhibitors) may be effective for people with
small areas of depigmentation, especially on the face and neck. This treatment may
have fewer side effects than corticosteroids and can be used with ultraviolet B
(UVB) light. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has warned about a possible
link between these drugs and lymphoma and skin cancer.
Combined medication and light therapy. This treatment combines a drug called
psoralen with light therapy (photochemotherapy) to return color to the light patches.
After you take psoralen by mouth or apply it to the affected skin, you're exposed to
ultraviolet A (UVA) or UVB light. Because the drug makes your skin more sensitive
to the light, your skin turns pink. As the skin heals, a more normal skin color
appears. You may need to repeat treatments up to three times a week for six to 12
months.
Possible side effects include severe sunburn, blistering, itching, over darkening of
the skin, and an increased risk of cataracts and skin cancer. It may help if for one to
two days after each treatment you apply sunscreen, wear UV-protective sunglasses
and avoid direct sunlight. Oral psoralen with UVA radiation is not recommended for
children under 12.
Light therapy. This treatment uses narrow band UVB light. You may receive
treatment in a doctor's office up to three times a week. And unlike
photochemotherapy, it doesn't require psoralen, which simplifies the process. The
best results are achieved on the face, trunk and limbs.Laser therapy. This procedure
brings color back to patches of light skin by treating them with an excimer laser,
which uses a specific wavelength of UVB light. It can be used only on small areas,
and it's often used in combination with a drug applied to the skin. Side effects can
include redness and blistering.
Removing the remaining color (depigmentation). This therapy may be an option if
your vitiligo is widespread and other treatments haven't worked. A medication with
monobenzone is applied to unaffected areas of skin. This gradually lightens it so
that it blends with the discolored areas. The therapy is done twice a day for nine
months or longer. You'll need to avoid skin-to-skin contact with other people for at
least two hours after you've applied the drug, so you don't transfer it to them.
Side effects can include redness, swelling, itching and dry skin. Depigmentation is
permanent, and you'll always be extremely sensitive to sunlight.

Surgery

Surgery may be an option for you if light therapy and drugs don't work. Surgery can
also be used with those therapies. The goal of the following techniques is to even
out your skin tone by restoring color.
Skin grafting. In this procedure, your doctor removes very small sections of your
normal, pigmented skin and attaches them to areas that have lost pigment. This
procedure is sometimes used if you have small patches of vitiligo. Possible risks
include infection, scarring, a cobblestone appearance, spotty color and failure of the
area to recolor.Blister grafting. In this procedure, your doctor creates blisters on your
pigmented skin, usually with suction. He or she then removes the tops of the blisters
and transplants them to an area of discolored skin. Possible risks include scarring, a
cobblestone appearance and failure of the area to recolor. The risk of scarring is
less with this procedure than with other types of skin grafting.Tattooing
(micropigmentation). In this technique, your doctor uses a special surgical
instrument to implant pigment into your skin. It's most effective around the lips,
especially in people with darker skin. Drawbacks include difficulty matching the skin
color, the tendency of tattoos to fade and their inability to tan. Also, the skin damage
caused by tattooing may trigger another patch of vitiligo.

ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE

Limited studies show that the herb Ginkgo biloba may return skin color in people
with slow-spreading vitiligo. Other studies show that folic acid and vitamin B-12 plus
sunlight may restore skin color for some people.
As with any over-the-counter (nonprescription) treatment, check with your doctor
before trying alternative medicine therapies to be sure they won't interact badly with
other treatments you may be using.

SHINGLES SYMPTOMS CAUSES DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENTS

shingles

DEFINITION

Shingles is a viral infection that causes a painful rash. Although
shingles can occur anywhere on your body, it most often appears
as a single stripe of blisters that wraps around either the left or
the right side of your torso.
Shingles is caused by the varicella-zoster virus — the same virus
that causes chickenpox. After you've had chickenpox, the virus
lies inactive in nerve tissue near your spinal cord and brain.

SYMPTOMS

signs and symptoms may
include:
Pain, burning, numbness or tingling Sensitivity to touch A red rash
that begins a few days after the pain Fluid-filled blisters that break
open and crust over Itching
Some people also experience:
Fever Headache Sensitivity to light and Fatigue
Pain is usually the first symptom of shingles. For some, it can be
intense. Depending on the location of the pain, it can sometimes
be mistaken for a symptom of problems affecting the heart, lungs
or kidneys. Some people experience shingles pain without ever
developing the rash.
Most commonly, the shingles rash develops as a stripe of blisters
that wraps around either the left or right side of your torso.
Sometimes the shingles rash occurs around one eye or on one
side of the neck or face.

CAUSES

Shingles is caused by the varicella-zoster virus — the same virus
that causes chickenpox. Anyone who's had chickenpox may
develop shingles. After you recover from chickenpox, the virus
can enter your nervous system and lie dormant for years.
Eventually, it may reactivate and travel along nerve pathways to
skin — producing shingles.
The reason for the encore is unclear. But it may be due to
lowered immunity to infections as you grow older. Shingles is
more common in older adults and in people who have weak
immune systems.
Varicella-zoster is part of a group of viruses called herpes
viruses, which includes the viruses that cause cold sores
and genital herpes. Because of this, shingles is also known as
herpes zoster. But the virus that causes chickenpox and shingles
is not the same virus responsible for cold sores or genital herpes,
a sexually transmitted infection.
Chickenpox can be dangerous for some groups of people. Until
your shingles blisters scab over, you are contagious and should
avoid physical contact with:
Anyone who has a weak immune system Newborns Pregnant
women

COMPLICATIONS

Complications from shingles can include:
Postherpetic neuralgia. For some people, shingles pain continues
long after the blisters have cleared. This condition is known as
postherpetic neuralgia, and it occurs when damaged nerve fibers
send confused and exaggerated messages of pain from your skin
to your brain.Vision loss. Shingles in or around an eye
(ophthalmic shingles) can cause painful eye infections that may
result in vision loss.Neurological problems. Depending on which
nerves are affected, shingles can cause an inflammation of the
brain (encephalitis), facial paralysis, or hearing or balance
problems.Skin infections. If shingles blisters aren't properly
treated, bacterial skin infections may develop.

PREPARING FOR YOUR APPOINTMENT

Some people have such mild symptoms of shingles that they
don't seek medical treatment. At the other extreme, severe
symptoms may result in a visit to the emergency room.

TESTS AND DIAGNOSIS

Shingles is usually diagnosed based on the history of pain on one
side of your body, along with the telltale rash and blisters. Your
doctor may also take a tissue scraping or culture of the blisters
for examination in the laboratory.

TREATMENTS AND DRUGS

There's no cure for shingles, but prompt treatment with
prescription antiviral drugs can speed healing and reduce your
risk of complications. These medications include:
Acyclovir (Zovirax)Valacyclovir (Valtrex)Famciclovir (Famvir)
Shingles can cause severe pain, so your doctor also may
prescribe:
Capsaicin cream Anticonvulsants, such as gabapentin
(Neurontin)Tricyclic antidepressants, such as
amitriptyline Numbing agents, such as lidocaine, delivered via a
cream, gel, spray or skin patch Medications that contain narcotics,
such as codeine injection including corticosteroids and local
anesthetics
Shingles generally lasts between two and six weeks. Most people
get shingles only once, but it is possible to get it two or more
times.

ACNE CAUSES SYMPTOMS TREATMENTS AND ANTIBIOTICS

ACNE DEFINITION

Acne is a skin condition that occurs when  hair follicles
become plugged with oil and dead skin cells. Acne usually
appears on face, neck, chest, back and shoulders.
Effective treatments are available, but acne can be
persistent. The pimples and bumps heal slowly, and when
one begins to go away, others seem to crop up.

CAUSES MAIN   

Depending on its severity, acne can cause emotional
distress and scar the skin. when earlier start treatment,
the lower  risk of lasting physical and emotional
damage.

SYMPTOMS

Acne signs and symptoms vary depending on the severity
Whiteheads
Blackheads —
Small red, tender bumps
Pimples
which are papules with pus at their tips Large, solid, painful
lumps beneath the surface of the skin (nodules)Painful,
pus-filled lumps beneath the surface of the skin

The Food and Drug Administration warns that some
popular nonprescription acne lotions, cleansers and other
skin products can cause a serious reaction. This type of
reaction is quite rare, so don't confuse it with the redness,
irritation or itchiness where you've applied medications or
or tongueTightness of the throat

CAUSES IN DETAIL 

Four main factors cause acne:
Oil production Dead skin cells Clogged pores Bacteria
Acne typically appears on face, neck, chest, back and
shoulders. These areas of skin have the most oil
 glands. Acne occurs when hair follicles
become plugged with oil and dead skin cells.
Hair follicles are connected to oil glands. These glands
secrete an oily substance (sebum) to lubricate your hair
and skin. Sebum normally travels along the hair shafts and
through the openings of the hair follicles onto the surface
of your skin.
When body produces an excess amount of sebum
and dead skin cells, the two can build up in the hair
follicles. They form a soft plug, creating an environment
where bacteria can thrive. If the clogged pore becomes
infected with bacteria, inflammation results.
Pimples are raised red spots with a white center that
develop when blocked hair follicles become inflamed or
infected. Blockages and inflammation that develop deep
inside hair follicles produce cyst-like lumps beneath the
surface of your skin. Other pores in your skin, which are
the openings of the sweat glands, aren't usually involved in
acne.

Factors that may worsen acne

These factors can trigger or aggravate an existing case of
acne:
Hormones. Androgens are hormones that increase in boys
and girls during puberty and cause the sebaceous glands
to enlarge and make more sebum. Hormonal changes
related to pregnancy and the use of oral contraceptives
also can affect sebum production. And low amounts of
androgens circulate in the blood of women and can worsen
acne.Certain medications. Drugs containing
corticosteroids, androgens or lithium can worsen
acne.Diet. Studies indicate that certain dietary factors,
including dairy products and carbohydrate-rich foods —
such as bread, bagels and chips — may trigger acne.
Chocolate has long been suspected of making acne
worse. A recent study of 14 men with acne showed that
eating chocolate was related to an increase in acne.
Further study is needed to examine why this happens or
whether acne patients need to follow specific dietary
restrictions.Stress. Stress can make acne worse.

RISK FACTORS

Risk factors for acne include:
Hormonal changes. Such changes are common in
teenagers,  and people using certain
medications, including those containing corticosteroids,
androgens or lithium.Family history. Genetics plays a role
in acne. If both parents had acne, you're likely to develop
it, too.Greasy or oily substances. You may develop acne
where your skin comes into contact with oily lotions and
creams or with grease in a work area, such as a kitchen
with fry vats.Friction or pressure on your skin. This can be
caused by items such as telephones, cellphones, helmets,
tight collars and backpacks.Stress. This doesn't cause
acne, but if you have acne already, stress may make it
worse.

TREATMENTS AND DRUGS

If over-the-counter (nonprescription) products haven't
cleared up your acne, your doctor can prescribe stronger
medications or other therapies.
Control your acne Avoid scarring or other damage to your
skin Make scars less noticeable
Acne medications work by reducing oil production,
speeding up skin cell turnover, fighting bacterial infection
or reducing inflammation — which helps prevent scarring.
With most prescription acne drugs, you may not see
results for four to eight weeks, and your skin may get
worse before it gets better. It can take many months or
years for your acne to clear up completely.
The drug your doctor recommends depends on the type
and severity of your acne. It might be something you apply
to your skin (topical medication) or take by mouth (oral
medication). Often, drugs are used in combination.
Pregnant women will not be able to use oral prescription

medications for acne.

Talk with your doctor about the risks and benefits of
medications and other treatments you are considering.

Topical medications

These products work best when applied to clean, dry
skin about 15 minutes after washing. You may not see the
benefit of this treatment for a few weeks. And you may
notice skin irritation at first, such as redness, dryness and
peeling.

Retinoids. 

These come as creams, gels and lotions.
Retinoid drugs are derived from vitamin A and include
tretinoin (Avita, Retin-A, others), adapalene (Differin) and
tazarotene (Tazorac, Avage). You apply this medication in
the evening, beginning with three times a week, then daily
as your skin becomes used to it. It works by preventing
plugging of the hair follicles.Antibiotics. These work by
killing excess skin bacteria and reducing redness. For the
first few months of treatment, you may use both a retinoid
and an antibiotic, with the antibiotic applied in the morning
and the retinoid in the evening. The antibiotics are often
combined with benzoyl peroxide to reduce the likelihood of
developing antibiotic resistance. Examples include
clindamycin with benzoyl peroxide (Benzaclin, Duac,
Acanya) and erythromycin with benzoyl peroxide
(Benzamycin).Dapsone (Aczone). This gel is most
effective when combined with a topical retinoid. Skin side
effects include redness and dryness.

Oral medications

Antibiotics. 

For moderate to severe acne, you may need
oral antibiotics to reduce bacteria and fight inflammation.
Choices for treating acne include tetracyclines, such as

minocycline and doxycycline.

doctor likely will recommend tapering off these
medications as soon as your symptoms begin to improve
or as soon as it becomes clear the drugs aren't helping —
usually, within three to four months. Tapering helps
prevent antibiotic resistance by minimizing undue
exposure to these medications over a long time.
You will likely use topical medications and oral antibiotics
together. Studies have found that using topical benzoyl
peroxide along with oral antibiotics may reduce the risk of
developing antibiotic resistance.
Antibiotics may cause side effects, such as an upset
stomach and dizziness. These drugs also increase your
skin's sun sensitivity. They can cause discoloration of
developing permanent teeth and reduced bone growth in
children born to women who took tetracyclines while
pregnant.
Combined oral contraceptives.

Combined oral

contraceptives are useful in treating acne in women and
adolescent girls. The Food and Drug Administration
approved three products that combine estrogen and
progestin (Ortho Tri-Cyclen, Estrostep and Yaz).
The most common side effects of these drugs are
headache, breast tenderness, nausea, weight gain and
breakthrough bleeding. A serious potential complication is
a slightly increased risk of blood clots.
Anti-androgen agent. The drug spironolactone (Aldactone)
may be considered for women and adolescent girls if oral
antibiotics aren't helping. It works by blocking the effect of
androgen hormones on the sebaceous glands. Possible
side effects include breast tenderness, painful periods and
the retention of potassium.

Isotretinoin. 

his medicine is reserved for people with the
most severe acne. Isotretinoin (Amnesteem, Claravis,
Sotret) is a powerful drug for people whose acne doesn't
respond to other treatments.

Oral isotretinoin 

is very effective. But because of its
potential side effects, doctors need to closely monitor
anyone they treat with this drug. The most serious
potential side effects include ulcerative colitis, an
increased risk of depression and suicide, and severe birth
defects.
In fact, isotretinoin carries such serious risk of side effects
that women of reproductive age must participate in a Food
and Drug Administration-approved monitoring program to
receive a prescription for the drug.

Therapies

These therapies may be suggested in select cases, either
alone or in combination with medications.
Light therapy. A variety of light-based therapies have been
tried with success. But further study is needed to
determine the ideal method, light source and dose. Light
therapy targets the bacteria that cause acne inflammation.
Some types of light therapy are done in a doctor's office.
Blue-light therapy can be done at home with a hand-held
device.
Possible side effects of light therapy include pain,
temporary redness and sensitivity to sunlight.
Chemical peel. This procedure uses repeated applications
of a chemical solution, such as salicylic acid. It is most
effective when combined with other acne treatments,
except oral retinoids. Chemical peels aren't recommended
for people taking oral retinoids because together these
treatments can significantly irritate the skin.
Chemicals peels may cause temporary, severe redness,
scaling and blistering, and long-term discoloration of the
skin.
Extraction of whiteheads and blackheads. Your
dermatologist uses special tools to gently remove
whiteheads and blackheads (comedos) that haven't
cleared up with topical medications. This technique may
cause scarring.Steroid injection. Nodular and cystic lesions
can be treated by injecting a steroid drug directly into
them. This improves their appearance without the need for
extraction. The side effects of this technique include
thinning of the skin, lighter skin and the appearance of
small blood vessels on the treated area.

Treating children

Most studies of acne drugs have involved people 12 years
of age or older. Increasingly, younger children are getting
acne as well. In one study of 365 girls ages 9 to 10, 78
percent of them had acne lesions. If your child has acne,
you may want to consult a pediatric dermatologist. Ask
about drugs to avoid in children, appropriate doses, drug
interactions, side effects, and how treatment may affect a

child's growth and development.

Treatment of children with acne is often complicated by
their family situation. For example, if a child moves
between two homes due to divorced parents, it may help to
use two sets of medications, one in each home.

Q fever symptom diagnosis and treatment

what is q fever

Q fever is a disease caused by infection with Coxiella burnetii, a bacterium that affects humans and other animals. This organism is uncommon, but may be found in cattle, sheep, goats, and other domestic mammals, including cats and dogs. The infection results from inhalation of a spore-like small-cell variant, and from contact with the milk, urine, feces, vaginal mucus, or semen of infected animals. Rarely, the disease is tick-borne.The incubation period is 9–40 days. Humans are vulnerable to Q fever, and infection can result from even a few organisms.The bacterium is an obligate intracellular pathogenic parasite

signs and symptom 

The most common manifestation is flu-like symptoms with abrupt onset of fever, malaise, profuse perspiration, severe headache, muscle pain, joint pain, loss of appetite, upper respiratory problems, dry cough, pleuritic pain, chills, confusion, and gastrointestinal symptoms, such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. About half of infected individuals exhibit no symptoms

Treatment

Treatment of acute Q fever with antibiotics is very effective and should be given in consultation with an infectious diseases specialist.

Commonly used antibiotics 

include doxycycline, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, and hydroxychloroquine. Chronic Q fever is more difficult to treat and can require up to four years of treatment with doxycycline and quinolones or doxycycline with hydroxychloroquine.

MBBS Tips and Tricks for pakistani students

A-O-A
dear friends every in pakistan need better and best job for happy life many among you was struggle to become a doctor and enjoy higher rank in society but failed to achieve your target .because of may  reasons include proper study .reminder the mbbs is taste is not a rocket science is need more deep study then you think here we are provide some basic tips and  Tricks for pakistani students which may helpful to you

note; 

there are 200 mcqs each one is 4 marks for right answer and -2 for for wrong answer
total marks is 800

according to pmdc rules

he must have obtained minimum sixty percent marks in higher
secondary school certificate (HSSC) or F.Sc (Pre-medical) or
equivalent examination having minimum twelve years of education

marks formula 

(a) SSC (10%);
(b) F.Sc. (40%); and
(c) admission test (50%).

eligibility

 for test minimum marks is 60% according to pmdc rules
Q;how to prepare for eata or mact
A;read your books as much you can because most of mcqs are come from the books vary little are on the base of knowledge so please take your books vary seriously.
Q2;Recommended books;
A;1 your F.S.C books
    2 previous paper of eata or macat
    3 mcqs book generally related to your fsc books
Q3;general method of study
A; Read a chapter thoroughly from your textbooks every word of it solve the mcqs given in its exercise

what about matric books 10th

there is no need of them

best mcqs books for preparation of mcat or eata  

there many mcqs books for mact and eata in kpk many students use ICA (islamia coaching academy)
and ipa ((islamia professor  academy) in punjab many student use mact written by doger bother.

best time of study 

in the morning try to do work in busese it that time you were fresh and can do more study than night
avoid from night study don't waste your time by sleeping.

how to study biology 

study biology on topic wise  not as you study for fsc exams highlight important point
as you think is this important  solve mcqs at the end of each chapter

in physics learn all formulas  learn physics by conceptual method

same as chemistry



if you have any question please comment the post

Down syndrome symptoms causes Diagnosis and treatment

what are Down syndrome

Down syndrome or trisomy 21, is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of all or part of a third copy of chromosome 21. It is typically associated with physical growth delays, characteristic facial features and mild to moderate intellectual disability. The average IQ of a young adult with Down syndrome is 50, equivalent to the mental ability of an 8- or 9-year-old child, but this can vary widely
There is no cure for Down syndrome. Education and proper care have been shown to improve quality of life. Some children with Down syndrome are educated in typical school classes, while others require more specialized education.Some individuals with Down syndrome graduate from high school and a few attend post-secondary education.In adulthood, about 20% in the United States do paid work in some capacity with many requiring a sheltered work environment. Support in financial and legal matters is often needed.Life expectancy is around 50 to 60 years in the developed world with proper health care

Signs and symptoms

Those with Down syndrome nearly always have physical and intellectual disabilities.As adults, their mental abilities are typically similar to those of an 8- or 9-year-old. They also typically have poor immune function and generally reach developmental milestones at a later age.They have an increased risk of a number of other health problems, including congenital heart defect, epilepsy, leukemia, thyroid diseases, and mental disorders, among others

Physical

Feet of a boy with Down syndrome
People with Down syndrome may have some or all of these physical characteristics: a small chin, slanted eyes, poor muscle tone, a flat nasal bridge, a single crease of the palm, and a protruding tongue due to a small mouth and relatively large tongue.These airway changes lead to obstructive sleep apnea in around half of those with Down syndrome. Other common features include: a flat and wide face. a short neck, excessive joint flexibility, extra space between big toe and second toe, abnormal patterns on the fingertips and short fingers.Instability of the atlantoaxial joint occurs in about 20% and may lead to spinal cord injury in 1–2%. Hip dislocations may occur without trauma in up to a third of people with Down syndrome

Neurological

Most individuals with Down syndrome have mild (IQ: 50–69) or moderate (IQ: 35–50) intellectual disability with some cases having severe (IQ: 20–35) difficulties.[1][30] Those with mosaic Down syndrome typically have IQ scores 10–30 points higher. As they age, people with Down syndrome typically perform less well than their same-age peers. Some after 30 years of age may lose their ability to speak. This syndrome causes about a third of cases of intellectual disability.Many developmental milestones are delayed with the ability to crawl typically occurring around 8 months rather than 5 months and the ability to walk independently typically occurring around 21 months rather than 14 month
Down syndrome is caused by having three copies of the genes on chromosome 21, rather than the usual two.The parents of the affected individual are typically genetically normal.Those who have one child with Down syndrome have about a 1% risk of having a second child with the syndrome, if both parents are found to have normal karyotypes.

Genetics

The extra chromosome content can arise through several different ways. The most common cause (about 92–95% of cases) is a complete extra copy of chromosome 21, resulting in trisomy 21. In 1.0 to 2.5% of cases, some of the cells in the body are normal and others have trisomy 21, known as mosaic Down syndrome.The other common mechanisms that can give rise to Down syndrome include: a Robertsonian translocation, isochromosome, or ring chromosome. These contain additional material from chromosome 21 and occur in about 2.5% of cases. An isochromosome results when the two long arms of a chromosome separate together rather than the long and short arm separating together during egg or sperm development

Diagnosis

After birth

The diagnosis can often be suspected based on the child's physical appearance at birth.An analysis of the child's chromosomes is needed to confirm the diagnosis, and to determine if a translocation is present, as this may help determine the risk of the child's parents having further children with Down syndrome.Parents generally wish to know the possible diagnosis once it is suspected and do not wish pity.

Management

Efforts such as early childhood intervention, screening for common problems, medical treatment where indicated, a good family environment, and work-related training can improve the development of children with Down syndrome. Education and proper care can improve quality of life.Raising a child with Down syndrome is more work for parents than raising an unaffected child.Typical childhood vaccinations are recommended

What are common treatments for Down syndrome?

There is no single, standard treatment for Down syndrome. Treatments are based on each individual's physical and intellectual needs as well as his or her personal strengths and limitations.1 People with Down syndrome can receive proper care while living at home and in the community
Early Intervention and Educational Therapy

Treatment Therapies

Physical therapy includes activities and exercises that help build motor skills, increase muscle strength, and improve posture and balance.
Speech-language therapy can help children with Down syndrome improve their communication skills and use language more effectively
Occupational therapy helps find ways to adjust everyday tasks and conditions to match a person's needs and abilities
Emotional and behavioral therapies work to find useful responses to both desirable and undesirable behaviors.

Drugs and Supplements

Some people with Down syndrome take amino acid supplements or drugs that affect their brain activity. However, many of the recent clinical trials of these treatments were poorly controlled and revealed adverse effects from these treatments. Since then, newer psychoactive drugs that are much more specific have been developed. No controlled clinical studies of these medications for Down syndrome have demonstrated their safety and efficacy, however
Treatment for Down syndrome can include:

Regular checkups and screening
Medications
Surgery
Counseling and support.

People with Down syndrome are at increased risk for certain medical problems, such as:

Congenital heart disease
Leukemia and other cancers
Immune system problems
Thyroid problems
Bone, muscle, nerve, or joint problems
Hearing problems
Eye problems
Seizure disorders
Developmental delay
Mental retardation
Premature aging
Alzheimer's disease

Hair Loss and Balding Causes Symptoms prevention and Treatments

Hair Loss and Balding

by general definition are

Hair loss is typically considered the domain of aging men,
but this equal-opportunity condition — which has many
causes — can affect virtually anyone.
hair loss may occur at any age of adult
because of many  verses factor are affected by hair
loss like ageing tension and many other hormonal and
metabolic factor
Everyone sheds about 100 hairs each day as part of the
normal hair growth cycle, but excess loss is usually a
distressing .

Symptoms & causes

Most people’s hair grows about a half-inch per month, and
about 90 percent of your hair is actively growing at any
given time, with the other 10 percent in dormant phase.
After two or three months, this dormant hair falls out and
its follicles begin growing new hair as other follicles begin a
dormant phase.
Shedding hair is different from hair loss, when a hair falls
out and doesn't grow back. People often shed hair during
stressful events, such as childbirth, a breakup or divorce or
during times of grief.
"It still doesn’t feel good, and it takes the hair to reach a
certain length where you perceive its presence,"
 "So it feels like a hair loss, but it's not a hair loss."
Alopecia is the medical term for hair loss, and it doesn’t
only happen on the scalp. Some illnesses and medications
can trigger balding over the entire body, though genetics
account for most cases on the head, according to
the Cleveland Clinic.
Aside from heredity, noticeable hair loss can be caused by
wide variety of factors, including:

Harsh hairstyles or treatments: 

Hairstyles that consistently
use rubber bands, rollers or barrettes, or pull hair into tight
styles such as cornrows, can inflame and scar hair
follicles. So can incorrectly used chemical products such
as dyes, bleaches, straighteners or permanent wave
solutions. Depending on the degree of damage, resulting
hair loss can be permanent.
Hormone imbalances: In women, hormonal shifts from
birth control pills, pregnancy, childbirth, menopause or
hysterectomy can induce more hair follicles than normal to
enter the dormant phase.

Illness or surgery: 

The stress from sickness or surgery
may prompt the body to temporarily cease nonessential
tasks such as hair production. Specific conditions can also
trigger it, including thyroid disorders, syphilis, iron
deficiency, lupus or severe infection. An autoimmune
condition called alopecia areata, which has no cure,
causes rapid body-wide hair loss.

Medications and vitamins: 

Cancer chemotherapy, which
attacks hair follicles in its attempt to kill all fast-growing
cells around the body, is a well-known reason for hair loss.
Other medications’ side effects include hair shedding as
well, such as some that treat high blood pressure and gout
(a painful joint condition caused by a buildup of uric acid).
Excessive levels of vitamin A also contribute.
Nutritional deficits: Heavy dieting or eating disorders such
as bulimia and anorexia can temporarily stun hair follicles
to cease growth. This can also occur from insufficient
protein, vitamin or mineral intake.

Aging: 

A natural effect of growing older is slowed hair
growth.
Women usually don't go completely bald, but loss hair on
the top of the head or the temples. Men tend to lose hair
on their temples, and are more likely than women to go
completely bald, Day said.

Diagnosis

doctor  will examine the person's scalp and take a
history of medical or stressful events "to see what's been
going on in their life and their world
The physician may take a biopsy — a small patch of
skin that includes the hair follicle — and send it to a
pathologist to determine if an autoimmune disease, such
as lupus, is the cause of the hair loss.
Examining the hair and follicle can also determine whether
someone has a bacterial or fungal infection, Day said.

Treatment & medication

Hair loss remedies range from the mild to the extreme and
the inexpensive to the costly. Much depends on how much
hair is gone and how high a priority it is to mask its
absence or replace it.
 treatments include:
Hair weaves or wigs: Typically expensive, wigs and hair
weaves either completely cover the head or add to existing
hair, restoring the appearance of a full head of hair. They
are especially practical for cancer patients and those
whose hair loss is temporary.
Topical creams and lotions: Over-the-counter minoxidil can restore
some hair growth, especially in those with hereditary hair
loss. It is applied directly to the scalp. Prescription-strength
finasteride (Propecia) comes in pill form and is only for
men. it may take up to six months to tell if
these medications are working.
Anti-inflammatory medications: Prescription steroid-based
creams or injections can calm follicles damaged or
inflamed by harsh chemicals or excessive pulling.

Surgery:

 Men tend to be better candidates for surgical hair replacement
techniques because their hair loss is often
limited to one or two areas of the scalp. Procedures
include grafting, which transplants from one to 15 hairs per
disc-shaped graft to other locations. Scalp reduction
removes bald skin from the scalp so hair-covered scalp
can be stretched to fill in the bald areas. Side effects
include swelling, bruising and headaches.
Hair-growth laser treatment can also help stimulate hair
follicles and improve growth,

Natural and alternative therapies

alternative
therapies may not help hair regrow and many are not
supported by medical research. However, other treatments
that reportedly improve alopecia areata include Chinese
herbs, acupuncture, zinc and vitamin supplements,
evening primrose oil and aroma therapy.
Viviscal, a natural supplement, has also shown more hair
growth in men compared to those who took fish extract in
clinical trials